Plant Adaptations to Extreme Environments: Survival Strategies for Plants in Harsh or Unique Habitats -A Review

Abstract

Plants have evolved a variety of adaptations to cope with various environmental stresses, such as drought, salinity, extreme heat, and drought. These adaptations include deep-soil-accessing root systems, symbiotic relationships with fungi, and root system modifications to deal with water stress. Drought is a major environmental stress that can have a negative impact on plant growth and productivity. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptations to cope with water stress, drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Deep root systems, stomatal regulation, and leaf modifications are essential for accessing water from deep soil layers, while shallow root systems are beneficial for areas with insufficient soil moisture. Osmotic adjustment, ion transport and sequestration, and morphological adaptations help plants maintain turgor pressure and water uptake. Genetic adaptations can help develop salt-tolerant crops for saline soils.