Chitin Nanocomposites for Medical Applications

A. Mathew, K. Oksman
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Chitin, a natural polysaccharide found widely in crustaceans and insects, may be while extensively deacetylated to produce chitin. As chitin/chitosan is nontoxic, biosorbable, antibacterial, bioactive and biocompatible, it has emerged as an interesting and unique polymer for the production of hydrogels, films, fibers, sponges, etc., for a variety of applications. These materials have shown potential in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, bone substitution, and sutures. Chitin is highly crystalline, and therefore less reactive and insoluble in solvents, while chitosan has a low stability in aqueous environments and is pH-sensitive, which limits its potential use in commercial applications or products. Hence, both physical and chemical treatments and manipulations are required to develop useful products based on the chitin biopolymer. During recent years, several chitin-based nanocomposites have been developed, where chitin acts as the matrix phase or reinforcing phase in the form of nanocrystals. This chapter describes chitosan-based nanocomposites as a novel group of biomaterials with the potential to support and facilitate cell growth, for controlled drug delivery, and as biosensors to detect glucose, creatine, etc., in the body. Details are included of nanocomposites developed for biomedical applications, where carbon nanotubes, inorganic metal nanoparticles or montmorillonite-based and biobased nanowhiskers (chitin or cellulose) are used to provide reinforcement in chitosan matrices. The processing methodologies reported to date, as well as the applications of these biobased nanocomposites, are summarized. Finally, the progress, limitations, and the future possibilities in this area are discussed. Keywords: chitin; chitosan; nanocomposites; processing; biocompatibility; medical applications
医用甲壳素纳米复合材料
甲壳素是一种广泛存在于甲壳类动物和昆虫中的天然多糖,它可以被广泛地去乙酰化以产生甲壳素。由于几丁质/壳聚糖具有无毒、可生物吸收、抗菌、生物活性和生物相容性等特点,它已成为一种独特而有趣的聚合物,可用于生产水凝胶、薄膜、纤维、海绵等,具有多种用途。这些材料在生物医学应用方面具有潜力,包括组织工程、药物输送、伤口敷料、骨替代和缝合线。甲壳素是高度结晶性的,因此反应性较低,不溶于溶剂,而壳聚糖在水环境中的稳定性较低,对ph值敏感,这限制了其在商业应用或产品中的潜在用途。因此,需要物理和化学处理和操作来开发基于几丁质生物聚合物的有用产品。近年来,几丁质基纳米复合材料以纳米晶体的形式作为基体相或增强相被开发出来。本章描述了壳聚糖基纳米复合材料作为一种新型生物材料,具有支持和促进细胞生长的潜力,用于控制药物输送,以及作为检测体内葡萄糖,肌酸等的生物传感器。详细内容包括为生物医学应用而开发的纳米复合材料,其中碳纳米管,无机金属纳米颗粒或蒙脱石基纳米须和生物基纳米须(几丁质或纤维素)用于在壳聚糖基质中提供增强。综述了迄今为止报道的生物基纳米复合材料的加工方法及其应用。最后,讨论了该领域的研究进展、局限性和未来的可能性。关键词:甲壳素;壳聚糖;纳米复合材料;加工;生物相容性;医学应用
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