A Review on the Synthetic and Less Expensive Biomarkers to Monitor the Clinical Course of Cancer Autoimmune Diseases and Cardiovascular Disorders

Abstract

The evolution of the medical Sciences corresponded to the discovery of new classes of molecules, firstly the vitamins, then the hormones, then again the neurotransmitters, and finally the cytokines, and each discovery of new molecules allowed the possibility to definitively cure some human diseases. Unfortunately, the last discovery that of cytokines, has still substantially excluded from the common clinical practice. Therefore, it becomes essential to clinically introduce the new science of cytokines, that we could call as cytokinology, before from either a diagnostic, or a prognostic point of view, and after from a therapeutic one. This statement is justified by the fact that the cytokines produced by the activated immune cells do not regulate the only immune system, but all biological functions, being the main responsible for host biological response. The most synthetic and less expensive biomarker could be the same lymphocyte-to-monocyte (LMR), since the evidence of a progressive decline in LMR has been proven to predict a negative prognosis in both metastatic cancer and cardiovascular disorders, as well as to be related to the exacerbation phase of the autoimmune diseases. The occurrence of high blood levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-17A has a negative prognostic significance in both advanced cancer and autoimmunity. On the contrary, the evidence of high concentrations of TGF-beta and IL-10 is associated with a negative prognosis in metastatic cancer and with a disease control in the autoimmune disorders.