Glimpse into the biosecurity, antimicrobial usage, and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli associated with commercial chicken layer farms in a poultry dense area in Sri Lanka

S. A. I. C. Subhasinghe, A. B. S. Pabasara, P. M. H. M. Pathiraja, H. M. T. K. Karunarathna, R. Kalupahana, K. Kottawatta
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Abstract

Industrial food animal production plays an essential role in the global food supply chain. In parallel with the growth of the Sri Lankan poultry sector, antimicrobial usage has also been increased with the aim of reducing disease incidents. The development of antimicrobial resistance due to the irrational use of antimicrobials is a global problem. Commensals like Escherichia coli (E. coli) can easily acquire and transfer resistance to pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria which cause treatment failures in both humans and animals. The present study was conducted in 50 poultry layer (commercial chicken layers) farms in Kurunegala district of Sri Lanka during the period from November 2016 to January 2017. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect information mainly on the management, biosecurity, and antimicrobial usage of selected farms. Further, E. coli were isolated from the fecal samples collected from 26 farms among those 50 farms, and their antimicrobial-resistant profiles (AMR) were investigated. Results revealed that 98% of the farms had poor biosecurity management practices while using at least one antimicrobial drug (98%). The most commonly used antimicrobial drug was enrofloxacin (79.6%) followed by amoxicillin (61.2%), both sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (49%), tetracycline (26.5%), neomycin (22.4%), and tylosin (4.1%). AMR profile of fecal E. coli revealed that the highest resistance is for tetracycline(81.8%) followed by nalidixic acid (54.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (40.9%), ampicillin (45.5%) and ciprofloxacin (31.8%). Lower levels of resistance, 13.6%, 9.1%, and 4.5% were observed for streptomycin, ceftazidime, and imipenem respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to amikacin and gentamycin; while 68.18% of isolated E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR). AMR and MDR findings of this study highlight the need of implementing strategies to regulate the usage of antimicrobial drugs in poultry farms in Sri Lanka, to prevent and control the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and diseases from a ‘one health’ perspective.
斯里兰卡家禽密集地区与商业蛋鸡养殖场有关的粪便大肠杆菌的生物安全、抗菌素使用和抗菌素耐药性的一瞥
工业化食用动物生产在全球食品供应链中发挥着至关重要的作用。在斯里兰卡家禽业发展的同时,抗菌剂的使用也有所增加,目的是减少疾病事件。由于不合理使用抗菌素而导致的抗菌素耐药性的发展是一个全球性问题。像大肠杆菌这样的共生体很容易获得并转移对致病性和人畜共患细菌的耐药性,从而导致人类和动物的治疗失败。本研究于2016年11月至2017年1月期间在斯里兰卡Kurunegala地区的50个家禽蛋鸡(商业蛋鸡)养殖场进行。进行了一项基于问卷的调查,主要收集有关选定农场的管理、生物安全和抗菌药物使用的信息。此外,从这50个养殖场中的26个养殖场的粪便样本中分离出大肠杆菌,并对其抗菌素耐药谱(AMR)进行调查。结果显示,98%的养殖场在使用至少一种抗菌药物的同时,生物安全管理做法较差(98%)。最常用的抗菌药物是恩诺沙星(79.6%),其次是阿莫西林(61.2%)、磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄啶(49%)、四环素(26.5%)、新霉素(22.4%)和泰洛星(4.1%)。结果显示,大肠杆菌耐药性最高的是四环素(81.8%),其次是萘啶酸(54.5%)、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑(40.9%)、氨苄西林(45.5%)和环丙沙星(31.8%)。链霉素、头孢他啶和亚胺培南的耐药水平较低,分别为13.6%、9.1%和4.5%。所有菌株对阿米卡星和庆大霉素均敏感;68.18%的大肠杆菌耐多药(MDR)。本研究的抗菌素耐药性和耐多药耐多药发现突出表明,需要实施战略,规范斯里兰卡家禽养殖场中抗菌素药物的使用,从“一个健康”的角度预防和控制耐抗菌素病原体和疾病的出现。
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