The Extracellular Vesicles: Their Role and Future in Reproduction and Embryonic Implantation

Abstract

Intercellular communication is an integral part of the physiological process in a living organism. Evidence has shown that a significant amount of human protein-coding genes is endowed with the production of membrane and secreted protein types. Some of these proteins possessed post-translational influence that interferes with cellular functions. Recently the concept of cell communication gravitated to the use of membrane-bound particles called Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). EVs are released from the host cell and impact on the recipient cell through its contents (Cargo). The cargo contains various particles such as lipids, proteins, RNA, and glycolipids derived from the host cells. The current widespread research in EVs has brought its mediating role in physiological and pathological processes to limelight. Though the regulatory part of EVs has been widely embraced by researchers, the discrepancy associated with its collection and isolation as well as its analysis has remained a subject of debate in the literature. The facts emanating from the literature suggest that EVs, with its prospective application in Reproductive biology, has prompted extensive research in the last decade. Its knowledge has broadened the scope of understanding the physiology and pathology scenarios involved in reproductive processes. As a potential biomarker, it has become a valuable tool for diagnosis, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes, especially in the context of reproductive processes. However, the challenges of standardizing the isolation, purification, and analyzing EVs have remained a nightmare that need to be surmounted. Emerging evidence has demonstrated its impact in gamete development, fertilization, and embryo implantation. Thus, it could serve as a platform to understand the mechanism of conception and implantation. By extension, define a therapeutic approach for women with recurrent pregnancy loss.