List of Figures and Tables

Abstract

1.1 Adjectives and nouns used to denote underground enterprise 6 2.1 Summary of approaches to describing entrepreneurship 19 4.1 Estimates of the magnitude of underground work in advanced economies, as percentage of GDP 44 4.2 The size of the UK underground economy as percentage of GNP: by year and measurement method 45 4.3 Estimates of underground economy: based on electricity demand 49 4.4 Currency demand estimates of the size of the underground economy, 2000 53 4.5 Proportion of population aged 18–74 participating in underground work in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany and the UK: by gender, age and occupation 57 4.6 List of tasks investigated in the English Localities Survey 61 4.7 Overview of locations studied in the English Localities Survey 63 5.1 Distribution of underground work in affl uent and deprived English localities: by type of underground worker 69 5.2 Routes to the underground economy in New York’s East Village 75 5.3 Distribution of the underground economy in fi ve countries: by sector, 2000 88