王陽明在“南宗聖地”衢州行迹考

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 衢州的歷史文化積澱深厚。建炎三年（1129），孔子四十八世嫡長孫、衍聖公孔端友扈蹕南渡，賜家衢州，衢州遂成爲“南宗聖地”，是儒學傳承和發展的重鎮。衢州具有“四省通衢”的地理便利和交通優勢，是王陽明從故鄉與閩贛粵黔桂等地往來不可逾越的重要驛站。根據王陽明著作、年譜及衢州有關方志，並結合明代浙閩、浙贛驛道情况的考察，王陽明先後八次經行衢州。通過對其青年時赴謫龍場、壯年獻俘北上和晚年出征思田在衢州活動形迹的重點考辨，有諸多重要發現，如他先後于正德二年秋、正德三年正月兩次抵達衢州，游歷了衢州府城內的大中祥符寺和龍游的舍利寺，駐足常山草坪驛，還原了他由武夷抵廣信，經衢州而歸越，南京省父返杭後徑赴龍場驛的路綫圖。這爲他的事功發展和良知思想傳播增添了重要的“南宗聖地”元素，又日益擴大了他在衢州士民中的影響力，出現了遍及全域五個屬邑、人數衆多的陽明弟子群，加速了其心學思想在三衢大地的廣泛傳播，賦予衢州更加厚重的歷史文化內涵。 Quzhou is a city of rich historical culture. In the third year of the Jianyan reign-period of the Song dynasty (1129), Duke Yansheng, Kong Duanyou, who ranked the first in his generation among those descended 48 generations from Confucius, was in the entourage of the emperor on his move to the south. Kong was then given a residence in Quzhou, which thereafter became “the holy land of the southern school of Confucianism” and an important locale for the inheritance and development of the study of Confucianism. Quzhou has the advantage of being a convenient location for transportation. There was an important post office functioning as a hub between Wang Yangming’s (1472-1529) hometown and some main provinces, namely, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Guangxi. According to the works of Wang, his chronologies, local gazetteers of Quzhou, Zhejiang, and Fujian, and the postage routes in Zhejiang and Jiangxi in the Ming era, Wang passed by Quzhou eight times. Examinations of his relegation to Longchang in his young age, service as a hostage to the north in his middle age, and an expedition to Sitian, with a focus on his activities in Quzhou yield many important discoveries. For example, we are able to reconstruct the itinerary of his two visits to Quzhou in the autumn of 1507 and the beginning of 1508 by looking into his visit to the Dazhong xiangfu Monastery in Quzhou, the S’arīra Monastery in Longyou, and the Caoping post office in Changshan. On this trip, he passed by Quzhou on his way back to the Yue region; before heading for the Longchang post station he also reached Hangzhou after visiting his father in Nanjing. These journeys added an important element of “the South Holy Land of Confucianism” to his deeds as well as his philosophical theory of Conscience. They also helped in gradually exerting his influence among scholars and commoners of Quzhou, resulting in the formation of a big school of Yangming disciples who were found in all the five suburbs. Therefore, the dissemination of his philosophy was sped up and widespread; Quzhou was thus endowed with more elements of history and culture.