微觀層面非二元的歸化異化：兩者之間、之內與涉及的可能性

Abstract

歸化異化是近二、三十年來翻譯領域裡十分熱門卻也老生常談的議題。本文簡要地回顧了歸化異化的兩條脈絡：韋努蒂論述和華語圈論述，並點出兩條脈絡於2000年起在中文世界裡「混搭拼接」的特殊現象，同時也梳理歸化異化和意譯直譯的區別與關係，更重要的是分析歸化異化在宏觀與微觀層面的發展。鑒於宏觀視角下歸化異化的二元對立論已趨飽和，本文提倡以微觀視角將歸化異化限定在具「文化特殊性」的語言和文化成分加以討論，探究歸化異化之間、之內與涉及的變化及其他可能的翻譯手法。 本文提出歸化和異化之間存在著「歛化」、「淡化」、「轉化」、「等化」、「融化」五種處理方法；異化的內部可分為「讀音異化」、「詞彙異化」、「屬性異化」、「格律異化」四種類型，歸化的內部可分為「詞彙歸化」、「俗諺歸化」、「習慣歸化」、「格律歸化」四種類型；而歸化異化還涉及「隱化」和「顯化」兩個現象或手法。本文透過較深入地分類、定義及舉例並定出英文名稱，盼能加深拓廣歸化異化的非二元論述，增加實務面及教學面的貢獻與價值。  Domestication versus foreignization has been one of the highly popular but slightly clichéd issues in translation studies over the past few decades. This study first provides a brief review of the paired concepts’ two academic traces – one brought forth by Lawrence Venuti and one developing in the Chinese academia – and points out the intriguing “mixture” or “blend” of the two traces in the Chinese academic circle since 2000. Then the paper discusses the common confusion and distinction between domestication/ foreignization and free translation/ literal translation, and more importantly, analyzes the development of domestication and foreignization on the macro and micro levels. As the issue has been somewhat fully and excessively explored from a macroscopic, binary perspective, this study proposes a more microscopic approach that limits the discussion of domestication and foreignization to the linguistic and cultural elements with “cultural specificity” in any given text so as to probe into varieties and possibilities in translation techniques and renderings between, within and related to the two. This present study argues that between domestication and foreignization exist other options, including concession, neutralization, transformation, equalization, and integration. Internally, foreignization can be subcategorized into phonetic, lexical, attributive and stylistic ones, while domestication can come in lexical, idiomatic, customary and stylistic ones. Domestication and foreignization also involve two phenomena or techniques: cancellation and manifestation. Through more detailed classification, definition and exemplification, the paper aims to delve deeper and broader into the non-binary aspects of domestication and foreignization in order to increase the pragmatic and pedagogical contributions and values on this issue.