Human Exposure Assessment of Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) via Dermal Contact with Car Dust

Abstract

Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) synthesis halogenated organophosphate compound that is widely used as flame retardants and plasticizer. The toxicity of TCIPP has led to concern about human exposure. Dermal absorption via indoor dust (particularly cars) represents one of the major human exposure pathways. The present study reports on the investigation of the levels of TCIPP in car dust samples from Basrah Iraq. The samples were collected from 24 private cars in different years of manufacture and countries. After the extraction and purification, samples were analysed by GC-EI/MS. Concentrations of TCIPP in dust samples were between 784 and 29478 ng/g with mean and median concentrations of 5162, 2696 ng/g respectively. Based on the manufactured country, Korean cars were the lowest levels of TCIPP comparing with Chinses,Japanese and the USA manufacture cars. Estimations daily intake via dermal absorptions showed that taxi drivers are more exposed to those of the two age groups (adults and toddlers), with an average of 0.124, 0.493 and 0.842 (ng/kg bw/day) for adults, toddlers and taxi drivers respectively. Those results were several orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding reference dose (RfD values).