Impact of Demand Response on transformer loss of life

Abstract

Transformer failure due to aging is the highest in a distribution system and hence loss of life has been an interesting research topic for a long period of time. Demand Response is one of the ways in smart grid paradigm shift to reduce the burden of the grid during peak hours. This paper aims to investigate the effect of different types of demand response program on transformer loss of life. Various standards and models exist in literature to calculate hottest spot temperature and loss of life. In this paper, the IEEE standard thermal model of transformer with variable load input and ambient temperature is developed. The model is validated using real-time load data, ambient temperature, and manufacturer data of a 25 MVA, 33/11 kV, substation distribution transformer. For comparative analysis, two case studies are considered with and without demand response.