The Fundament of the Mass: The Variant Mass of the Electron at Atom.

Abstract

Planck wrote in a letter about the research of the energy of the electrons at the cavity of the blackbody: “I knew that the problema of the equilibrium between matter and radiation is of high importance for the Physics. Besides, I knew the right formula for the distribution of the energy spectrum at the cavity. It was very important to find an theoretical interpretation”9. After 10 years of research, finally Planck accepted and proposed the quantum theory as explanation to the radiation of the blackbody. The introduction of the Planck constant h was fundamental for the quantization of the energy. The main argument to accept the quantum theory was the concordance with the entropy concept and the statistics thermodynamic. The Einstein research about the quantization of the light radiation at the Photoelectric Effect was also a support for the Planck research of the cavity of the blackbody. Millikan mentioned about the Photoelectric Effect: “The Photoelectric Effect is a proof independent of the quantum theory for the radiation of the blackbody as discrete and discontinue emission of energy absorbed by the electronic components of the atoms….”. The Photoelectric Effect supports the constant h discovered by Planck at the research of the blackbody and that the Planck research corresponds to the reality”9.

Bohr proposed a revolutionary concept for the behavior of the electron during the atom transition from one stationary level to other. In an article research, Bohr mentioned: “The correspondence principle has as consequence the comparison between the atom reaction due a radiation field with the reaction of the atom due a field from the mechanic classic point of view: which is due to a group of virtual harmonic oscillators with frequency equal to the determined for the possible transitions between stationary levels: hv=E-E´ ”10. The correspondence principle of Bohr postulated that for high quantum numbers the quantization approach is in correspondence with the classic theory. Therefore, Bohr postulated the quantization of the energy transition for the electrons at the atom (E-E´=hf) and the quantization of the angular momentum L=nh/2π. Bohr could explain the atom stability (the no radiation for the electrons at the atom) with those postulates and obtain a formula for the quantization of the energy, velocity, radius, angular momentum, frequency and wavelenght of the radiation emitted or absorbed.

Later, the modern quantum physics could explain the postulates of Bohr and obtain the quantization formula for the energy and angular momentum at the stationary levels by applying the Schröndiger Equation (wave probabilistic theory) and Heissenberg Theory (matrix theory) [4], [5]. The stationary states or levels correspond to those functions which satisfy the Schröndiger Equation [4], [5]. The electron in an atom no excited is at rest. Thus, it can not radiate energy because it corresponds to a stationary level of the atom [4], [5].

For other hand, Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” (Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seimen Energienhalt abhängig?) [1]: “If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/c2”. This is true for any type of radiation emitted (gravitational or electromagnetic energy) which produce a decrease in the mass of the body. Thus, Maxwell's theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electrón. Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces a decreases in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demontrated by myself at this research [2].

At the atom, the electron only radiates this energy when it jumps from one orbit to another orbit at the atom. It is in accordance with the experimental results from the spectral lines of the atom. The difference is that in a gravitational field the particle or a planet around the sun can take any position at the space and any radius. But, the electron at the atom only can take restricted positions which are explained by quantum mechanics, and the electrons don´t emit radiation when they orbit around the nuclus. At this article, it is explained the postulates of Bohr and the reasons for them by using De Broglie approach. Also, it is explained by using the development formula for the variant mass of the electron at the atom.

The objective of this research is to demonstrate the discovery formula which describe exactly the variant mass of a charged particle at the atom which emits electromagnetic energy from one stationary level to other. The results of the formula are compared with the ionization energy emission for the electron at the atom and the bound energy for the diatomic molecules. The results are in agreenment with high accuracy.