Counter-hegemonic strategies for democratic alter-politics: critical notes on the experiences of 1990-2019

Alexandros Kioupkiolis
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Abstract

Abstract:This article critically engages with the political strategies of the new social and political movements that emerged in Europe in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-8. It takes issue with discussions of contemporary alter-political practice and theory that overlook the crucial point that the creation of new social institutions and relations in the here and now-a central part of this politics-must itself be political: it argues for the need to tackle the whole question of the collective subject and agent of change. This leads into a discussion of the theory of hegemony put forward by Gramsci, and, later, Laclau and Mouffe, and, drawing on this, a new strategy is proposed, for the construction of powerful collective subjects. Taking its cue from recent social movements such as 15M (the Indignados) and new municipalism in Spain and Italy, it looks at new ways of configuring the strategy of hegemony, by making its concepts of leadership, unity and representation more participatory, bottom-up, accessible to ordinary people, plural and flexible. A historical transition to egalitarian democracies, solidary economies and environmental sustainability is dependent on a wider counter-hegemonic project and contest. This needs to be carried out in all social relations and fields. It must energise critical masses on the ground, and conjoin institutional interventions with new social invention and multiple assaults on the status quo. The object of a contemporary alter-political organisation should be to animate, bolster and help articulate the multi-faceted texture of current oppositional and constructive activities, re-instituting the social in all its far-reaching diversity and complexity.
民主另类政治的反霸权战略:对1990-2019年经验的批判性笔记
摘要:本文批判性地探讨了2007- 2008年金融危机后欧洲出现的新社会和政治运动的政治策略。它对当代另类政治实践和理论的讨论提出了质疑,这些讨论忽视了一个关键点,即在此时此地建立新的社会制度和关系——这一政治的核心部分——本身必须是政治性的:它认为有必要解决集体主体和变革主体的整个问题。这导致了对葛兰西以及后来的拉克劳和墨菲提出的霸权理论的讨论,并在此基础上提出了一种新的战略,即构建强大的集体主体。从最近的社会运动,如15M(愤怒者运动)和西班牙和意大利的新市政主义中得到启示,它通过使其领导、团结和代表的概念更具参与性、自下而上、对普通人更容易接近、多元化和灵活,来寻找配置霸权战略的新方法。向平等民主、团结经济和环境可持续性的历史性转变,取决于更广泛的反霸权计划和竞争。这需要在所有社会关系和领域中进行。它必须激励基层的关键群众,将制度干预与新的社会发明和对现状的多重攻击结合起来。当代另类政治组织的目标应该是激发、支持和帮助阐明当前反对和建设性活动的多面结构,重新建立具有深远多样性和复杂性的社会。
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