Genetics in disorders of language.

Clinics in communication disorders Pub Date : 1992-01-01
J W Gilger
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Abstract

As is typical in science, early work in an area is bound to have weaknesses. Therefore, it is not unexpected that the extent to which conclusions can be drawn from the current research on the genetics of DLD is limited. These limitations stem from the use of heterogeneous samples, the use of overly broad phenotypes, survey rather than objective test data, and only a few studies looking beyond simple familiarity. Future research is in progress that attempts to correct for these weaknesses. Still, some practically useful information can be gleaned from the work done thus far. First, we can now hypothesize something about the pathway from gene to DLD phenotype. Much of DLD, like RD, may be a manifestation of early genetic effects on the structural development of the brain (e.g., Plante, Swisher, and Vance, 1991; Plante, 1991; Molfese and Betz, 1988). However, consequences of these genetic effects for language development can still be modified by environmental events (e.g., treatment). Furthermore, genetic effects do not act in isolation and they are not necessarily static. A number of genetic and non-genetic events in the course of development may positively or negatively modify the disorder (e.g., Tomblin, 1989, Tallal et al., 1991; Molfese and Holcomb, 1989). A related point is that there is evidence for genetic heterogeneity in DLD. That different modes of transmission have been put forth by different authors, suggests that a variety of genetic forms of DLD may exist. This idea is further supported by noting that DLD is a common outcome of a number of clinical syndromes having very different genetic bases (e.g., Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, fragile X, etc.; Siegel-Sadewitz and Shprintzen, 1982; Bellugi et al., 1991). This does not rule out the possibility that a majority of nonsyndromic DLD is due to one or a few major genes, however. Finally, there is also evidence for behavioral heterogeneity in DLD. The data suggest that the genes for DLD are variably expressed. For example, in families selected through a DLD proband, a number of different language-related problems have been noted. Furthermore, when a globally defined DLD individual is examined closely, it is common to find a collection of symptoms, sometimes spanning all the major domains of language (Weiss and Lillywhite, 1981). Overall, the data and concepts presented in this article suggest that the clinician should take careful family histories of clients and, when doing so, attempt to ascertain the specific symptoms that family members other than the client exhibit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

语言障碍的遗传学。
在科学中,一个领域的早期工作必然会有弱点。因此,从目前对DLD遗传学的研究中得出结论的程度是有限的,这并不令人意外。这些限制源于使用异质样本,使用过于广泛的表型,调查而不是客观的测试数据,以及只有少数研究超越了简单的熟悉。未来的研究正在进行中,试图纠正这些弱点。尽管如此,从迄今为止所做的工作中可以收集到一些实际有用的信息。首先,我们现在可以假设一些关于从基因到DLD表型的途径。许多DLD,如RD,可能是早期遗传对大脑结构发育影响的表现(例如,Plante, Swisher, and Vance, 1991;普兰特,1991;Molfese和Betz, 1988)。然而,这些基因对语言发展的影响仍然可以通过环境事件(例如,治疗)来改变。此外,遗传效应不是孤立地起作用的,也不一定是静态的。在发育过程中,许多遗传和非遗传事件可能会对该疾病产生积极或消极的影响(例如,Tomblin, 1989, Tallal等,1991;Molfese和Holcomb, 1989)。与此相关的一点是,有证据表明DLD存在遗传异质性。不同的作者提出了不同的传播模式,这表明可能存在多种遗传形式的DLD。这一观点得到了进一步的支持,因为DLD是许多具有非常不同遗传基础的临床综合征的常见结果(例如,威廉姆斯综合征、唐氏综合征、脆性X染色体等;Siegel-Sadewitz and Shprintzen, 1982;Bellugi et al., 1991)。然而,这并不排除大多数非综合征性DLD是由一个或几个主要基因引起的可能性。最后,也有证据表明DLD的行为异质性。这些数据表明,DLD基因的表达是可变的。例如,在通过DLD先证者选择的家庭中,已经注意到许多不同的语言相关问题。此外,当仔细检查一个全球定义的DLD个体时,通常会发现一系列症状,有时跨越所有主要的语言领域(Weiss和Lillywhite, 1981)。总的来说,本文中提出的数据和概念表明,临床医生应该仔细了解病人的家族史,并在这样做时,试图确定除病人以外的家庭成员表现出的具体症状。(摘要删节为400字)
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