Biochemical Risk Factors for Kidney Stones in Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the biochemical risk factors of kidney stones in diabetes. This includes the estimation of serum and urinary creatinine (Cr), albumin (Alb), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), phosphorous (Po4++), calcium (Ca++), uric Acid (U.A), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), reduced glutathione levels(GSH), urinary Oxalate, as well as citrate and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. Subjects and Methods: The clinical study was performed on 100 patients that attended Suez Health Insurance Organization and Ain Elhyah Hospital. Patients were divided into four groups; 25 diabetic patients (D) (mean age 52); 25 renal stone patients (R, S) (mean age 49); 25 diabetic renal stone patients (D R S)(mean age 51) and 25 control subjects (C)((mean age 47) age-matched, randomly selected. Blood and urine 24 hr samples were collected. Results: Serum (Cr) and (Alb) levels showed a non-significant changes in all patients. However, the data showed a significant decrease in (Mg++) level of all patients groups, with a significant level in (D R S) than (D) and (R, S) patients. Moreover, a significant increase in (U.A) levels of all patients groups but higher in (DRS) than (D) and (R, S) patients groups, the data revealed a significant decrease in urinary magnesium level in(DRS) patients group compared to (C), (R, S) and (D) patients groups. Moreover, a significant increase in urinary (U.A) level of all patients was noticed, it was significantly higher level in (DRS) than (R, S) patients groups. Oxalate level in all patients was increased, significantly. Meanwhile, the oxalate level was increased in (DRS) compared to (R, S) and (D) patients groups. The citrate level was decreased significantly in the urine of all patients groups with a significantly lower level of (DRS) than (R, S) and (D) patients groups. On other hand, a significant decrease in blood GSH level of all patients groups was observed where; its level in (DRS) was significantly lower than the (R, S) patients groups. However, data revealed a significant increase in serum (PTH) level of the (R, S) and (D R S) patients groups compared to (C) one. PTH level in (R, S) patients group was significantly higher than (D) and (DRS) patients groups. The data revealed a significant increase in serum ALP level of (D) and (D R S) groups compared to (C) group with a higher significant level in (DRS) than (R,S) patients groups. Moreover, the urinary 24h (NO) level was increased significantly in all patients groups compared to (C) group.