Imbalance of catabolic and anabolic pathways in chronic heart failure

Abstract

AbstractChronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex metabolic disorder with multiple interactions between the immune, neurohormonal and cardiovascular systems. That the progression of CHF is due to neurohormonal abnormalities is now considered to be established and has led to major therapeutic bene? ts. Many current therapies are also thought to exert a variety of immunological effects and this has been much less studied. This review aims to discuss interactions between immune pathways and neurohormonal abnormalities relevant to disease progression in CHF and to the development of cardiac cachexia. Cytokines, in particular tumour necrosis factora, have many interactive opportunities within a regulatory network of energy metabolism, immune function and neuroendocrine function. In ammatory cytokines are known to contribute to the progression of CHF, being related to patients’ prognosis. Advanced CHF can be considered to be a state of chronic (low-grade) in amation and catabolism. Anti-cytokine therapy could be...