Virtual prototyping of the lunar module landing system to improve cosmonauts’ spatial and situational awareness

M. Mikhaylyuk, B. Kryuchkov, V. Usov
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Abstract

Relevance. The transition to manned flights after the launches of the automatic stations of the «Luna-Globus» series will require studying issues of the crew safety in lunar missions. First of all, it will be necessary to clarify the role and capabilities of cosmonauts when landing the lunar module in complicated conditions. The subject of the study is the means of modeling and visualizing the progress of the flight operation observed by the operator. The area of study is the issues of ensuring the safety of the automatic landing of the lunar descent module with the possibility of switching to manual control mode after a decision was made by a human to change the landing site of the lunar module. The provision of spatial and situational awareness is considered in this context as a prerequisite for the timely response of the operator to the occurrence of a non-standard situation. Objective. The goal of the work is to present the virtual prototyping of the Moon landing stage for studying details of information support for cosmonauts during the conditions of visual control complication. Methodology. The analysis of ways to maintain spatial and situational awareness for a timely assessment by the operator of the suitability of the predicted site in the landing area is a key condition for deciding whether to switch from automatic mode to manual mode. At the same time, the quality of preparation and decision-making in a short time frame significantly depends on the accepted methods of visualizing the landing on the surface of the Moon. Results and Discussion. The directions of application of modeling and visualization tools for virtual prototyping of the landing of the descent lunar module are formulated. It is shown that a person's decision-making in conditions of time scarcity and possible visual interference when monitoring the external environment requires special means of information support. The issues of organizing the visual environment in accordance with the information needs of a person are studied taking into account the prototypes in the classes of manned and unmanned vertical take-off and landing vehicles, for which similar types of operator activities are described. This made it possible to formulate basic approaches to modeling the landing of vehicles in conditions of problems with visual perceptions. Taking into account the increased requirements, we consider promising approaches based on the synthesis of 2D and 3D-visual dynamic scenes, as well as precedents for the use of synthetic vision systems in the described conditions. The scope of application of the obtained results is not limited to the tasks of designing complex human-technical systems, but may have applications in the field of building computer simulators for the training of cosmonauts. This practice compares favorably with the options for human training on hardware-in-the-loop simulation models and on real helicopter-type vehicles in terms of safety and flexibility of modification. Conclusion. The use of virtual prototyping of the moon landing makes it possible to expand the search for options for improving the cosmonaut's spatial and situational awareness. The general conclusion in the context of this goal pursuing is the feasibility of using simulation methods to build a virtual environment that recreates the conditions for a cosmonaut to make a decision in an emergency situation when landing a lunar module, as one of the most critical flight operations for the safety of lunar missions. Key words Lunar exploration, lunar lander, landing simulation and visualization, virtual activity environment, unmanned and manned vertical take-off and landing vehicles, spatial and situational awareness, synthetic vision systems.
登月舱着陆系统的虚拟样机,以提高宇航员的空间和态势感知
的相关性。在“月球-全球”系列自动空间站发射后,向载人飞行过渡将需要研究月球任务中机组人员的安全问题。首先,要明确航天员在复杂条件下登陆登月舱时的作用和能力。本研究的主题是对操作者所观察到的飞行操作过程进行建模和可视化的方法。研究领域是在人类决定改变登月舱着陆地点后,确保登月舱自动着陆并切换到手动控制模式的安全问题。在这种情况下,提供空间和态势感知被认为是操作员对非标准情况发生及时响应的先决条件。目标。本研究的目标是建立月球着陆阶段的虚拟样机,以研究在视觉控制复杂条件下宇航员的信息支持细节。方法。分析保持空间和态势感知的方法,以便操作员及时评估预测着陆点在着陆区域的适用性,这是决定是否从自动模式切换到手动模式的关键条件。与此同时,在短时间内的准备和决策质量在很大程度上取决于对月球表面着陆进行可视化的公认方法。结果和讨论。提出了降落登月舱着陆虚拟样机建模和可视化工具的应用方向。研究表明,一个人在监控外部环境时,在时间稀缺和可能的视觉干扰条件下的决策需要特殊的信息支持手段。考虑到有人驾驶和无人驾驶垂直起降飞行器的原型,研究了根据人的信息需求组织视觉环境的问题,并描述了类似类型的操作员活动。这使得在视觉感知出现问题的情况下,对飞行器着陆建模的基本方法成为可能。考虑到不断增加的需求,我们考虑了基于2D和3d视觉动态场景合成的有前途的方法,以及在所述条件下使用合成视觉系统的先例。所获得的结果的应用范围不仅限于设计复杂的人-技术系统的任务,而且可以应用于建造用于宇航员训练的计算机模拟器的领域。在安全性和修改灵活性方面,这种做法与在硬件在环模拟模型和真正的直升机型车辆上进行人类训练的选择相比具有优势。结论。月球着陆虚拟样机的使用使得扩大对改进宇航员空间和态势感知的选择的搜索成为可能。在追求这一目标的背景下,总的结论是,利用仿真方法建立一个虚拟环境的可行性,该环境可以重现宇航员在登月舱着陆时的紧急情况下做出决策的条件,作为月球任务安全最关键的飞行操作之一。关键词月球探测,月球着陆器,着陆仿真与可视化,虚拟活动环境,无人与载人垂直起降飞行器,空间与态势感知,综合视觉系统
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