Bacterial and viral zoonotic infections: bugging the world

Abstract

The zoonoses infectious diseases can be naturally transmitted between usually vertebrate animals and humans. The dispersion of zoonotic diseases varies greatly depending on geographical factors. For involved organisms in different regions, the severity and epidemiology are not considered to be the same for all infections. In the incidence procedure, animals and human act as an intermediate or final host. It is concluded that bacteria and viruses are the most widely known agents of zoonotic infections and cause a series of major diseases, such as anthrax, plague, brucellosis, rabies, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, Zika virus, and so on. Major modern diseases such as Ebola and salmonellosis are big medical concerns. Mammals and arthropods serve as reservoirs and vectors in the transmission cycle of infections to humans. Furthermore, zoonotic infections have different forms of transmission including direct modes such as influenza and rabies. Transmission can also occur through the intermediate species as vectors, which carry the causative pathogen without getting infected. A reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis occurred when humans infect the animals. In case of inappropriate treatment, the mortality rate would be increasingly high in zoonotic-infected patients. To deal with these infections, and reduce their impact, the WHO suggests some very basic policies. Scheduled plans, reducing contact with animals, and protective coatings in the endemic regions, are the fundamental measures for the reduction of outbreaks and the severity of zoonotic diseases.