HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS

Abstract

The article is devoted to the consideration of the process of formation and development of architectural solutions in the field of designing medical institutions, determining the basic laws and outlining trends in design solutions in this industry. Based on the study, the most important trends in the historical genesis of the design of medical institutions are characterized, which include the following: the formation of the principles of territorial placement of hospitals in an urban environment or outside an urbanized cell; determination of the basic characteristics of the formation of a master plan for the development of the territory of a medical institution, the basis of which is the close relationship of the object with the natural environment and active use in the processes of treatment and rehabilitation; structuring the organization of hospital buildings in the form of mandatory distribution of patients by type of disease, and, accordingly, differentiation of individual buildings and premises by accessibility, methods of handling patients, staff and visitors; formation of two main typological models of hospital building design: hall (wide elongated hall with side lighting, with beds near the walls and the aisle in the middle) and corridor (small-sized rooms on one or both sides of the corridor); creation of architectural projects aimed at overcoming the fear of patients due to the widespread use of glass and natural materials in the design of facades, natural lighting systems in the interior, the use of multi-level atriums with rich natural light. So, in the article, based on the analysis of the process of formation and development of architectural solutions in the field of design of medical institutions, the main patterns were characterized and the trends of design solutions in this industry were outlined, which led to the formation of stable typological models of medical buildings.