The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells in Diagnosis of Cancer: Cancer and Circulating Tumor Cells

Siqi Wu
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Abstract

An estimated 19 million new cancer cases and almost 10 million global death due to cancer in 2020 have highlighted the cardinal importance of accurate diagnostic assays for the early detection of cancer. Detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers a new approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Multi-disciplinary research teams have tried to develop CTC-detection assays, with the establishment of an FDA-approved test for clinical CTC enumeration and with others under development. CTC detection techniques mainly rely on physical separation and microfluidic-based methods, particularly microfiltration devices. Molecular diagnostic assays are a major group of tests used to diagnose CTCs. Among molecular diagnostic assays to detect CTCs, biochemical techniques such as immunoaffinity is a basis for enrichment involving positive and negative selection. Besides enumeration, there are multiple other techniques for CTC analysis, such as genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and multimodal analysis. However, the current CTC enumeration technology is unable to address many biological challenges associated with CTC characteristics such as extreme rarity, heterogeneous nature and varied phenotype. Future research is required for the development and application of new detection and therapeutic methods. In this review, the technical and clinical applications of the different CTCs molecular diagnostic assays are summarized, and suggestions are made to overcome caveats for CTC detection techniques in the future.
循环肿瘤细胞在肿瘤诊断中的作用:肿瘤与循环肿瘤细胞
据估计,2020年全球将有1900万新发癌症病例和近1000万人死于癌症,这凸显了准确诊断检测对早期发现癌症的重要性。循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)的检测为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供了新的途径。多学科研究团队已经尝试开发CTC检测方法,建立了一种fda批准的临床CTC计数测试方法,并正在开发其他方法。CTC检测技术主要依靠物理分离和基于微流体的方法,特别是微过滤装置。分子诊断试验是用于诊断CTCs的一大类试验。在检测ctc的分子诊断分析中,免疫亲和等生化技术是涉及阳性和阴性选择的富集的基础。除了枚举之外,还有多种其他技术用于CTC分析,如基因组学、转录组学、表观遗传学、蛋白质组学和多模态分析。然而,目前的CTC枚举技术无法解决与CTC特征相关的许多生物学挑战,如极端罕见性、异质性和表型多样性。未来的研究需要开发和应用新的检测和治疗方法。本文综述了不同CTC分子诊断方法的技术和临床应用,并对今后CTC检测技术的发展提出了建议。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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