A techno-economic analysis of end of life value chains for lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Abstract

Electric vehicle batteries are characterised by a limited lifetime based on the steadily decreasing ability to fulfil the minimum capacity and power requirements for the automotive application. A lack of experience in end-of-life (EoL) value chains, associated interdependencies, and dynamic conditions pose a challenge to identify the monetary outcome and pursued way of the EoL-options.