CHARACTERISTICS OF TRITICUM AESTIUM RESISTANCE GENES TO DISEASE CAUSES AND ANALYSIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS

Abstract

The dominance of resistance of host plants and the recessive virulence of parasites are the result of their co-evolution with the host, which is the main partner. However, mutant resistance genes are usually recessive. Distant hybridization is needed to replenish the resistance gene pool. The larger the area planted with a resistant variety, the more sensitive it becomes. Resistance genes are reduced during reproduction. The genes currently used for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, yellow rust and powdery mildew are all from wheatgrass, rye, heliops etc. The search for ecologically safe and effective means of preserving crops of valuable productive crops led to the formation of alternative protective methods. Among them is the use of biological preparations, the basis of which is the principle of antagonism between different types of microorganisms or the manifestation of their antibiotic activity, in particular, the release of substances toxic to competing organisms into the external environment. The biological method of plant protection is based on a systemic approach, the integrated implementation of two main directions: the preservation and promotion of the activity of natural populations of useful species (entomophages, microorganisms), the self-protection of cultivated plants in agrobiocenoses and the renewal of agrobiocenoses with useful species that are lacking in them or those that are absent. The fundamental difference between the biological method of plant protection and any other is the use of the first direction, which is carried out using biological preparations, methods of seasonal colonization, introduction and acclimatization of zoophages and microorganisms. The reproduction and efficiency of the activity of beneficial species are facilitated by agrobiotechnical measures and some methods of soil cultivation with the help of which it is possible to create favourable conditions for the life of zoophages. An important agrotechnical measure is the cultivation of varieties of cultural plants resistant to harmful organisms, which contributes to the formation of weakly viable populations of pests. The collection samples of spring wheat of different ecological and geographical origin were analyzed by pest resistance genes and ecologically stable populations were identified according to their complex and individual resistance to changing environmental climatic conditions. Biological preparations for combating pathogens are characterized.