The geography and socioeconomic characteristics of U.S. households reliant on private wells and septic systems

IF 2.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Ariana Hernandez, Gregory Pierce
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Abstract

Households reliant on unregulated, non-grid water and sanitation infrastructure, like private wells and septic systems, face water quality and reliability deficiencies and associated negative impacts on human health at greater proportions than households reliant on publicly-regulated, water and sewage systems. This study uses the 2019 American Housing Survey to produce the first joint, nationally-representative analysis of household reliance on wells and septics in decades. We find that there are lower proportions of U.S. households off the regulated water grid than other contemporary estimates. We also find that while 9.1% of U.S. households rely on both private well and septics simultaneously, a slightly higher proportion of households rely on only one of these systems, with the companion infrastructure being publicly regulated. Our results show that both private well and septic reliant households are much more likely to be non-Hispanic White, live in a single family home (a detached or attached one-family dwelling) or mobile home (a portable habitable structure that was originally fitted with wheels to facilitate movement), and to live outside a metropolitan area than those reliant on publicly regulated service. Yet, surprisingly both private well and septic reliant households do not have lower average incomes than households reliant on regulated systems. These results suggest that federal, state and local financial assistance, technical assistance and educational programs can be better targeted to ensure that in-need private well and septic reliant households can operate and maintain their essential water and sanitation infrastructure.

依赖私人水井和化粪池系统的美国家庭的地理和社会经济特征
与依赖公共监管的供水和污水处理系统的家庭相比,依赖私人水井和化粪池系统等不受监管的非电网供水和卫生基础设施的家庭面临着水质和可靠性缺陷以及相关的对人类健康的负面影响。本研究利用 2019 年美国住房调查,对几十年来依赖水井和化粪池的家庭进行了首次具有全国代表性的联合分析。我们发现,与其他当代估计相比,美国家庭中不使用受监管水网的比例较低。我们还发现,虽然有 9.1% 的美国家庭同时依赖私人水井和化粪池,但仅依赖其中一个系统的家庭比例略高,而配套的基础设施则受公共监管。我们的研究结果表明,与依赖公共监管服务的家庭相比,同时依赖私人水井和化粪池的家庭更有可能是非西班牙裔白人、居住在单户住宅(独立或相连的单户住宅)或活动房屋(最初装有轮子以方便移动的便携式可居住建筑)中,以及居住在大都会地区以外。然而,令人惊讶的是,依赖私人水井和化粪池的家庭的平均收入并不比依赖规范系统的家庭低。这些结果表明,联邦、州和地方的财政援助、技术援助和教育计划可以更有针对性,以确保依赖私人水井和化粪池的贫困家庭能够运营和维护其基本的水和卫生基础设施。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of The American Water Resources Association
Journal of The American Water Resources Association 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
4.10
自引率
12.50%
发文量
100
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: JAWRA seeks to be the preeminent scholarly publication on multidisciplinary water resources issues. JAWRA papers present ideas derived from multiple disciplines woven together to give insight into a critical water issue, or are based primarily upon a single discipline with important applications to other disciplines. Papers often cover the topics of recent AWRA conferences such as riparian ecology, geographic information systems, adaptive management, and water policy. JAWRA authors present work within their disciplinary fields to a broader audience. Our Associate Editors and reviewers reflect this diversity to ensure a knowledgeable and fair review of a broad range of topics. We particularly encourage submissions of papers which impart a ''take home message'' our readers can use.
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