INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS IN GLOBAL VALUE AND SUPPLY CHAINS: CLUSTERS, INNOVATION AND ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing forms of clustering of production processes in the process of the formation of industrial ecosystems on an international scale, highlighting the role of global supply chains in the value chain in the context of the transformation of economic development models as a factor of reindustrialization, taking into account the latest imperatives of innovation, greening and constancy. It has been established that the ways of creating value do not just depend on the features of the technological process, but, more importantly, they are induced by the structure of the ecosystem in which they are built on the principles of interdependence. The geographic boundaries of an industrial ecosystem are defined by the interdependencies that link organizations within the ecosystem, and by the new bonds that are being strengthened outside of it. The article highlights the need to identify structural gaps in the ecosystem early in order to maximize the benefits of potential collaboration and encourage innovation. It is critically important for governments to define the real boundaries of industrial ecosystems in order to promote their transformation into closed loops of innovation. The definition of an industrial ecosystem is proposed as a multi-level production system, including heterogeneous agents involved in industry value chains and contributing to the realization of the potential of the ecosystem (and its participants) and the development of the country's productive capacity. The place of the supply chain in the value chain has been established, which made it possible to assert that the supply chain is increasingly associated with business functions and processes that go beyond logistics within and between companies. The concepts of clusters and industrial areas are analyzed, which made it possible to single out the role of industrial parks in the development of an industrial cluster. It has been proven that the development of industrial parks contributes to the creation of clusters of competitive industries and the expansion of production chains, which contributes to the balanced economic development of the regions through the mobilization of all available resources. Factors are identified, the combination of which allows the transformation of an industrial zone or a park into an eco-industrial park. The definition of an eco-industrial park is proposed and its alternative names are given, such as: permanent economic zone; low-carbon technological zone; green investment cluster; circular industrial park. The potential of eco-industrial parks in the implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals has been established. This led to the conclusion that regional systems are evolving from places where firms are located that do not know about each other and simply benefit from economies of scale, to systems that include dynamic training and coordination to enhance regional competitive advantage.