Chemical Effects on Breast Development, Function, and Cancer Risk: Existing Knowledge and New Opportunities.

IF 7.4 2区 医学 Q1 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Jennifer E Kay, Bethsaida Cardona, Ruthann A Rudel, Laura N Vandenberg, Ana M Soto, Sofie Christiansen, Linda S Birnbaum, Suzanne E Fenton
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Abstract

Population studies show worrisome trends towards earlier breast development, difficulty in breastfeeding, and increasing rates of breast cancer in young women. Multiple epidemiological studies have linked these outcomes with chemical exposures, and experimental studies have shown that many of these chemicals generate similar effects in rodents, often by disrupting hormonal regulation. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter the progression of mammary gland (MG) development, impair the ability to nourish offspring via lactation, increase mammary tissue density, and increase the propensity to develop cancer. However, current toxicological approaches to measuring the effects of chemical exposures on the MG are often inadequate to detect these effects, impairing our ability to identify exposures harmful to the breast and limiting opportunities for prevention. This paper describes key adverse outcomes for the MG, including impaired lactation, altered pubertal development, altered morphology (such as increased mammographic density), and cancer. It also summarizes evidence from humans and rodent models for exposures associated with these effects. We also review current toxicological practices for evaluating MG effects, highlight limitations of current methods, summarize debates related to how effects are interpreted in risk assessment, and make recommendations to strengthen assessment approaches. Increasing the rigor of MG assessment would improve our ability to identify chemicals of concern, regulate those chemicals based on their effects, and prevent exposures and associated adverse health effects.

Abstract Image

化学物质对乳房发育、功能和癌症风险的影响:现有知识和新机遇。
人口研究显示,乳房发育提前、母乳喂养困难和年轻女性乳腺癌发病率上升的趋势令人担忧。多项流行病学研究已将这些结果与接触化学品联系起来,而实验研究也表明,其中许多化学品通常通过干扰荷尔蒙调节,在啮齿动物体内产生类似的影响。这些干扰内分泌的化学品(EDCs)会改变乳腺(MG)的发育进程,损害通过泌乳滋养后代的能力,增加乳腺组织密度,并增加患癌症的倾向。然而,目前测量化学品暴露对乳腺影响的毒理学方法往往不足以检测出这些影响,从而削弱了我们识别对乳腺有害的暴露的能力,并限制了预防的机会。本文介绍了乳腺增生的主要不良后果,包括泌乳受损、青春期发育改变、形态改变(如乳腺密度增加)和癌症。本文还总结了人类和啮齿动物模型中与这些影响相关的暴露证据。我们还回顾了当前评估 MG 影响的毒理学实践,强调了当前方法的局限性,总结了与风险评估中如何解释影响有关的争论,并提出了加强评估方法的建议。提高 MG 评估的严谨性将提高我们识别受关注化学品的能力,根据其影响对这些化学品进行监管,并防止接触和相关的不良健康影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
13.60
自引率
1.30%
发文量
47
期刊介绍: Current Environmental Health Reports provides up-to-date expert reviews in environmental health. The goal is to evaluate and synthesize original research in all disciplines relevant for environmental health sciences, including basic research, clinical research, epidemiology, and environmental policy.
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