The structural diversity of natural glycosphingolipids (GSLs)

IF 16.4 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI:10.1080/07328303.2022.2063308

Zhongwu Guo

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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids made of a glycan and a ceramide that, in turn, is composed of a sphingoid base moiety and a fatty acyl group. GSLs represent the vast majority of glycolipids in eukaryotes, and as an essential component of the cell membrane, they play an important role in many biological and pathological processes. Therefore, they are useful targets for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for human diseases. Since sphingosine was first described by J. L. Thudichum in 1884, several hundred GSL species, not including their diverse lipid forms that can further amplify the number of individual GSLs by many folds, have been isolated from natural sources and structurally characterized. This review tries to provide a comprehensive survey of the major GSL species, especially those with distinct glycan structures and modification patterns, and the ceramides with unique modifications of the lipid chains, that have been discovered to date. In particular, this review is focused on GSLs from eukaryotic species. This review has listed 251 GSL glycans with different linkages, 127 glycans with unique modifications, 46 sphingoids, and 43 fatty acyl groups. It should be helpful for scientists who are interested in GSLs, from isolation and structural analyses to chemical and enzymatic syntheses, as well as their biological studies and applications.

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天然鞘糖脂的结构多样性

鞘糖脂(GSLs)是由糖聚糖和神经酰胺组成的糖脂的一个亚类，而神经酰胺又由鞘基部分和脂肪酰基组成。GSLs代表了真核生物中绝大多数的糖脂，是细胞膜的重要组成部分，在许多生物和病理过程中起着重要作用。因此，它们是开发新的人类疾病诊断和治疗方法的有用靶点。自1884年J. L. Thudichum首次描述鞘氨醇以来，已有数百种GSL从天然来源中分离出来并进行了结构表征，其中不包括它们的多种脂质形式，这些脂质形式可以进一步将GSL的个体数量扩增许多倍。本文综述了迄今为止发现的主要GSL物种，特别是具有独特聚糖结构和修饰模式的GSL物种，以及具有独特脂链修饰的神经酰胺。本文特别对真核生物的gsl进行了综述。本文综述了251种具有不同键的GSL聚糖，127种具有独特修饰的GSL聚糖，46个鞘和43个脂肪酰基。它应该有助于对gsl感兴趣的科学家，从分离和结构分析到化学和酶合成，以及它们的生物学研究和应用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.