Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for gliomas: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction

Gliomas represent the most prevalent form of brain tumors, among which glioblastomas are the most malignant subtype. Despite advances in comprehending their biology and treatment strategies, median survival remains disappointingly low. Inflammatory processes involving nitric oxide (NO), critically contribute to glioma formation. The inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) is highly overexpressed in gliomas and has been linked to resistance against temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, neoplastic transformation, and modulation of immune response. While both in vitro and in vivo studies showed the potential of iNOS inhibitors as effective treatments for gliomas, no clinical trials on gliomas have been published. This review aims to summarize the available evidence regarding iNOS as a target for glioma treatment, focusing on clinically relevant data.

Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed/Medline, and Embase databases in May 2023. We included studies that investigated the impact of NOS inhibitors on glioma cells using L-NMMA, CM544, PBN, 1400W or l-NAME either alone or combined with TMZ. We extracted data on the NOS inhibitor used, subtype, study setting, animal model or cell lines employed, obtained results, and safety profile. Our inclusion criteria encompassed original articles in English or Spanish, studies with an untreated control group, and a primary outcome focused on the biological effects on glioma cells.

Results

Out of 871 articles screened from the aforementioned databases, 37 reports were assessed for eligibility. After excluding studies that did not utilize glioma cells or address the designated outcome, 11 original articles satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although no NOS inhibitor has been tested in a published clinical trial, three inhibitors have been evaluated using in vivo models of intracranial gliomas. l-NAME, 1400W, and CM544 were tested in vitro. Co-administration of l-NAME, or CM544 with TMZ showed superior results in vitro compared to individual agent testing.

Conclusion

Glioblastomas remain a challenging therapeutic target. iNOS inhibitors exhibit substantial potential as treatment options for oncologic lesions, and they have demonstrated a safe toxicity profile in humans for other pathological conditions. Research endeavors should be focused on investigating their potential effects on brain tumors.