Role of thymus in health and disease.

IF 4.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY
Surendra Gulla, Madhava C Reddy, Vajra C Reddy, Sriram Chitta, Manjula Bhanoori, Dakshayani Lomada
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ, essential for the development of T-cells that will protect from invading pathogens, immune disorders, and cancer. The thymus decreases in size and cellularity with age referred to as thymus involution or atrophy. This involution causes decreased T-cell development and decreased naive T-cell emigration to the periphery, increased proportion of memory T cells, and a restricted, altered T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. The changes in composition and function of the circulating T cell pool as a result of thymic involution led to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases including the recent COVID and a higher risk for autoimmune disorders and cancers. Thymic involution consisting of both structural and functional loss of the thymus has a deleterious effect on T cell development, T cell selection, and tolerance. The mechanisms which act on the structural (cortex and medulla) matrix of the thymus, the gradual accumulation of genetic mutations, and altered gene expressions may lead to immunosenescence as a result of thymus involution. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind thymic involution is critical for identifying diagnostic biomarkers and targets for treatment help to develop strategies to mitigate thymic involution-associated complications. This review is focused on the consequences of thymic involution in infections, immune disorders, and diseases, identifying potential checkpoints and potential approaches to sustain or restore the function of the thymus particularly in elderly and immune-compromised individuals.

胸腺在健康和疾病中的作用。
胸腺是一个初级淋巴器官,对t细胞的发育至关重要,t细胞可以保护人体免受入侵病原体、免疫紊乱和癌症的侵袭。胸腺的大小和细胞数量随着年龄的增长而减少,称为胸腺退化或萎缩。这种内化导致T细胞发育减少,初始T细胞向外周迁移减少,记忆T细胞比例增加,T细胞受体(TCR)库受限改变。胸腺内翻导致循环T细胞池组成和功能的变化,导致对传染病的易感性增加,包括最近的COVID,以及自身免疫性疾病和癌症的风险增加。胸腺内化包括胸腺结构和功能的丧失,对T细胞的发育、T细胞的选择和耐受性有有害的影响。作用于胸腺结构(皮层和髓质)基质的机制、基因突变的逐渐积累和基因表达的改变可能导致胸腺退化导致免疫衰老。了解胸腺复旧背后的分子机制对于确定诊断性生物标志物和治疗靶点至关重要,有助于制定减轻胸腺复旧相关并发症的策略。这篇综述的重点是胸腺退化在感染、免疫紊乱和疾病中的后果,确定潜在的检查点和潜在的方法来维持或恢复胸腺功能,特别是在老年人和免疫功能低下的个体中。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
4.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: This review journal provides the most current information on basic and translational research in immunology and related fields. In addition to invited reviews, the journal accepts for publication articles and editorials on relevant topics proposed by contributors. Each issue of International Reviews of Immunology contains both solicited and unsolicited review articles, editorials, and ''In-this-Issue'' highlights. The journal also hosts reviews that position the authors'' original work relative to advances in a given field, bridging the gap between annual reviews and the original research articles. This review series is relevant to all immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists, translational scientists, industry researchers, and physicians who work in basic and clinical immunology, inflammatory and allergic diseases, vaccines, and additional topics relevant to medical research and drug development that connect immunology to disciplines such as oncology, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Covered in International Reviews of Immunology: Basic and developmental immunology (innate and adaptive immunity; inflammation; and tumor and microbial immunology); Clinical research (mechanisms of disease in man pertaining to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, allergy, oncology / immunology); and Translational research (relevant to biomarkers, diagnostics, vaccines, and drug development).
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