The influence of aerobic exercise on model-based decision making in women with posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract

Individuals with PTSD often exhibit deficits in executive functioning. An unexplored aspect of neurocognitive functions associated with PTSD is the type of learning system engaged in during decision-making. A model-free (MF) system is habitual in nature and involves trial-and-error learning that is often updated based on the most recent experience (e.g., repeat action if rewarded). A model-based (MB) system is goal-directed in nature and involves the development of an abstract representation of the environment to facilitate decisions (e.g., choose sequence of actions according to current contextual state and predicted outcomes). The existing neurocognitive literature on PTSD suggests the hypothesis of greater reliance on MF vs MB learning strategies when navigating their environment. While MF systems may be more cognitively efficient, they do not afford flexibility when making prospective predictions about likely outcomes of different decision-tree branches. Emerging research suggests that an acute bout of aerobic exercise improves certain aspects of neurocognition, and thereby could promote the utilization of MB over MF systems during decision making, although prior research has not yet tested this hypothesis. Accordingly, the current study administered a lab-based two-stage Markov decision-making task capable of discriminating MF vs MB decision making, in order to determine if moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (either shortly after or 30-minutes after the exercise bout has ended) promotes greater engagement in MB behavioral strategies compared to light-intensity aerobic exercise in adult women with and without PTSD (N = 61). Results revealed that control women generally displayed higher levels of MB behavior that was further increased following immediate exercise, particularly moderate-intensity exercise. By contrast, the PTSD group generally displayed lower levels of MB behavior, and exhibited greater MB behavior when completing the task following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise compared to light-intensity aerobic exercise regardless of whether there was a short or long delay between exercise and the task. Additionally, women with PTSD demonstrated less impairment in MB decision-making compared to controls following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. These results suggest that an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise boosts MB behavior in women with PTSD, and suggests that aerobic exercise may play an important role in enhancing cognitive outcomes for PTSD.