Long-Term Atmosphere Surveillance (2016-2021) of PM_2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Health Risk Assessment in Yangtze River Delta, China.

IF 4.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Exposure and Health Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI:10.1007/s12403-023-00572-x

Keqin Wu, Yuyang Yao, Yuanhua Meng, Xuhui Zhang, Run Zhou, Wenwei Liu, Xinliang Ding

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Abstract

Long-term atmospheric quality monitoring of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in Wuxi from 2016 to 2021. In total, 504 atmospheric PM_2.5 samples were collected, and PM_2.5-bound 16 PAHs were detected. The PM_2.5 and ∑PAHs level decreased annually from 2016 to 2021, from 64.3 to 34.0 μg/m³ and 5.27 to 4.22 ng/m³, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) levels of 42% of the monitoring days in 2017 exceeded the recommended European Union (EU) health-based standard of 1 ng/m³. Five- and six-ring PAHs were found, including benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene (Bkf), BaP, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene, which were the dominant components (indicating a prominent petroleum, biomass, and coal combustion contribution) using molecular diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis. Moreover, PM_2.5 and PAHs were significantly negatively associated with local precipitation over a period of six years. Statistically significant temporal and spatial distribution differences of PM_2.5, and ∑PAHs were also found. The toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) of total PAHs was 0.70, and the TEQ of BaP (0.178) was the highest, followed by that of Bkf (0.090), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (Dah) (0.048), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (0.034). The medians of the incremental lifetime cancer risk for long-term exposure to PAHs were 2.74E-8, 1.98E-8, and 1.71E-7 for children, teenagers, and adults, respectively, indicating that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs pollution in air was acceptable to local residents in this area. Sensitivity analysis revealed that BaP, Bkf, and Dah significantly contributed to carcinogenic toxicity. This research provides comprehensive statistics on the local air persistent organic pollutants profile, helps to identify the principal pollution source and compounds, and contributes to the prevention of regional air pollution.

Graphical abstract:

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00572-x.

Abstract Image

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中国长江三角洲PM2.5固体多环芳烃大气长期监测（2016-2021）及健康风险评估。

2016年至2021年，无锡市进行了细颗粒物（PM2.5）和PM2.5固体多环芳烃（PAHs）的长期大气质量监测。总共采集了504个大气PM2.5样本，检测到PM2.5和16种多环芳烃。从2016年到2021年，PM2.5和∑PAHs水平每年都在下降，分别从64.3微克/立方米下降到34.0微克/立方米和5.27微克/立方米降低到4.22微克/立方米。2017年，42%的监测天数的苯并[a]芘（BaP）水平超过了欧盟（EU）基于健康的建议标准1 ng/m3。使用分子诊断比和正矩阵分解分析，发现了五环和六环多环芳烃，包括苯并[a]蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽（Bkf）、BaP和苯并[g，h，i]苝，它们是主要成分（表明石油、生物质和煤的燃烧贡献显著）。此外，在六年的时间里，PM2.5和多环芳烃与当地降水量呈显著负相关。PM2.5和∑PAHs在时间和空间分布上也存在显著差异。总PAHs的毒性当量商（TEQ）为0.70，BaP（0.178）的TEQ最高，其次是Bkf（0.090）、二苯并[a，h]蒽（Dah）（0.048）和茚并[1，2，3-cd]芘（0.034），表明该地区的当地居民可以接受空气中多环芳烃污染的致癌风险。敏感性分析显示，BaP、Bkf和Dah对致癌毒性有显著影响。这项研究对当地空气持久性有机污染物状况进行了全面统计，有助于确定主要污染源和化合物，并有助于预防区域空气污染。图形摘要：补充信息：在线版本包含补充材料，可访问10.1007/s12403-023-00572-x。

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来源期刊

Exposure and Health Environmental Science-Pollution

CiteScore

13.80

自引率

9.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： It is a multidisciplinary journal focused on global human health consequences of exposure to water pollution in natural and engineered environments. The journal provides a unique platform for scientists in this field to exchange ideas and share information on research for the solution of health effects of exposure to water pollution. Coverage encompasses Engineering sciences; Biogeochemical sciences; Health sciences; Exposure analysis and Epidemiology; Social sciences and public policy; Mathematical, numerical and statistical methods; Experimental, data collection and data analysis methods and more. Research topics include local, regional and global water pollution, exposure and health problems; health risk analysis of water pollution, methods of quantification and analysis of risk under uncertainty; aquatic biogeochemical processes in natural and engineered systems and health effects; analysis of pollution, exposure and health data; and more.