{"title":"Men. Male-biased sex ratios and masculinity norms: evidence from Australia's colonial past.","authors":"Victoria Baranov, Ralph De Haas, Pauline Grosjean","doi":"10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We document the historical roots and contemporary consequences of masculinity norms-beliefs about the proper conduct of men. We exploit a natural experiment in which convict transportation in the <math><mrow><msup><mn>18</mn><mrow><mi>th</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><msup><mn>19</mn><mrow><mi>th</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math> centuries created a variegated spatial pattern of sex ratios across Australia. We show that in areas with heavily male-biased convict populations, relatively more men volunteered for World War I about a century later. Even at present these areas remain characterized by more violence, higher rates of male suicide and other forms of preventable male mortality, and more male-stereotypical occupational segregation. Moreover, in these historically male-biased areas, more Australians recently voted against same-sex marriage and boys-but not girls-are more likely to be bullied in school. We interpret these results as manifestations of masculinity norms that emerged due to intense local male-male competition. Once established, masculinity norms persisted over time through family socialization as well as peer socialization in schools.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":48110,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Growth","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10067017/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Economic Growth","FirstCategoryId":"96","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ECONOMICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
We document the historical roots and contemporary consequences of masculinity norms-beliefs about the proper conduct of men. We exploit a natural experiment in which convict transportation in the and centuries created a variegated spatial pattern of sex ratios across Australia. We show that in areas with heavily male-biased convict populations, relatively more men volunteered for World War I about a century later. Even at present these areas remain characterized by more violence, higher rates of male suicide and other forms of preventable male mortality, and more male-stereotypical occupational segregation. Moreover, in these historically male-biased areas, more Australians recently voted against same-sex marriage and boys-but not girls-are more likely to be bullied in school. We interpret these results as manifestations of masculinity norms that emerged due to intense local male-male competition. Once established, masculinity norms persisted over time through family socialization as well as peer socialization in schools.
Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Economic Growth, is designed to serve as the principal outlet for theoretical as well as empirical research in economic growth and dynamic macroeconomics. The editorial board consists of prominent researchers in the fields of economic growth, dynamic macroeconomics, international economics, urban economics, migration, and development, who are committed to academic excellence. Members of the editorial board are actively involved in the refereeing process of each paper and assure that the review process is of an exceptional quality. Furthermore, the journal commits itself to a timely response. The journal encourages the submission of high quality research broadly concerned with: Neoclassical Growth Models
Endogenous Growth Models
Income Distribution and Growth
Human Capital and Growth
Fertility and Growth
Trade and Growth
Development and Growth
Financial Development and Growth
Migration and Growth
Endogenous Technological Change
Money and Growth
Political Economy and Growth
Overlapping-Generations Models
Economic Fluctuations. 5-Year Impact Factor: 6.032 (2008)*
Subject Category ''Economics'': Rank 3 of 209 Officially cited as: J Econ Growth