Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, and Subsequent Risk of Stroke in Patients with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Current Literature.

Abstract

Vascular involvement in the pathophysiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (iSSNHL) has been previously proposed. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the current literature and conduct meta-analyses to evaluate associations between cardiovascular risk factors, cerebral small vessel disease, and subsequent stroke after presentation with iSSNHL. Three systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses were conducted using PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL. All studies investigating associations between iSSNHL and the cardiovascular risk factors: body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, medical history of myocardial infarction (MI), smoking, the degree of white matter hyperintensities, and incidence of stroke were included. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, two independent reviewers reviewed the articles and assessed risk of bias. The cardiovascular risk factors of abnormal BMI, diabetes, hypertension, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a medical history of MI were significantly associated with iSSNHL. The adjusted hazard ratio of a higher degree of white matter hyperintensities was 0.70 (95% CI 0.44, 1.12). Patients with iSSNHL showed a higher risk of stroke compared to controls, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.22 up to 4.08. Several cardiovascular risk factors are more frequently present in patients with iSSNHL than in the general population. The degree of white matter hyperintensities does not appear to be increased in patients with iSSNHL, while the risk of stroke following ISSNHL is increased. Prospective studies with larger study populations are needed to confirm the associations between generalized cardiovascular disease and iSSNHL and to assess whether these patients benefit from cardiovascular risk management to prevent future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.