Two-stage response adaptive randomization designs for multi-arm trials with binary outcome.

In recent years, adaptive randomization methods have gained significant popularity in clinical research and trial design due to their ability to provide both efficiency and flexibility in adjusting the statistical procedures of ongoing clinical trials. For a study to compare multiple treatments, a multi-arm two-stage design could be utilized to select the best treatment from the first stage and further compare that treatment with control in the second stage. The traditional design used equal randomization in both stages. To better utilize the interim results from the first stage, we propose to develop response adaptive randomization two-stage designs for a multi-arm clinical trial with binary outcome. Two allocation methods are considered: (1) an optimal allocation based on a sequential design; (2) the play-the-winner rule. Optimal multi-arm two-stage designs are obtained under three criteria: minimizing the expected number of failures, minimizing the average expected sample size, and minimizing the expected sample size under the null hypothesis. Simulation studies show that the proposed adaptive design based on the play-the-winner rule has good performance. A phase II trial for patients with pancreas adenocarcinoma and a germline BRCA$/$PALB2 mutation was used to illustrate the application of the proposed response adaptive randomization designs.