Formulation and Production of Tattoo Ink Stock Products for Cosmetic and Medical Applications: Pigment Raw Materials, Ingredients, Auxiliary Substances and Contaminants.

Permanent makeup (PMU) is a descendant of tattoo ink products and used with the intention of giving the face more advantageous contours. PMU makes it possible to condense eyelashes and eyebrows with fine lines or to visually correct them with cleverly placed contour lines. Even the correction of most subtle irregularities on the skin is possible through skillful pigmentation. Microblading describes a special technique in which the skin is carved with a certain "needle blade." The ink is then applied on the fresh wound and massaged into the cuts in order to depose the pigments in the skin. The field of medical tattooing belongs to PMU as well. Hence, PMU can be regarded as versatile as classic tattooing. Investigating online advertisements, the frequent use of the terms biological-organic or mineral pigments is notable. In opposition to the claim of being permanent, the cosmetical tattoo is often considered temporal. Web-based statements claim the use of special pigments for PMU, 100% free of heavy metals and therefore not aging to reddish, bluish, or greenish altered marks after healing. Statements are made to convey safety to consumers. Facts are mixed with fiction. This review will deal with the general structure of tattoo colorants and explain the differences and parallels to PMU ink. Certain raw material groups will be clarified further, and possible risks linked to certain material groups shall be listed and explained as well.