Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for rectal cancer patients who underwent surgical resection.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a nomogram model for the prediction of survival outcome in rectal cancer patients who underwent surgical resection. Methods: A total of 9,919 consecutive patients were retrospectively identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Significant prognostic factors were determined by the univariate and multivariate Cox analysis. The nomogram model for the prediction of cancer-specific survival (CSS) in rectal cancer patients were developed based on these prognostic variables, and its predictive power was assessed by the concordance index (C-index). Calibration curves were plotted to evaluate the associations between predicted probabilities and actual observations. The internal and external cohort were used to further validate the predictive performance of the prognostic nomogram. Results: All patients from the SEER database were randomly split into a training cohort (n = 6,944) and an internal validation cohort (n = 2,975). The baseline characteristics of two cohorts was comparable. Independent prognostic factors were identified as age, pT stage, lymph node metastasis, serum CEA level, tumor size, differentiation type, perineural invasion, circumferential resection margin involvement and inadequate lymph node yield. In the training cohort, the C-index of the nomogram was 0.719 (95% CI: 0.696-0.742), which was significantly higher than that of the TNM staging system (C-index: 0.606, 95% CI: 0.583-0.629). The nomogram had a C-index of 0.726 (95% CI: 0.691-0.761) for the internal validation cohort, indicating a good predictive power. In addition, an independent cohort composed of 202 rectal cancer patients from our institution were enrolled as the external validation. Compared with the TNM staging system (C-index: 0.573, 95% CI: 0.492-0.654), the prognostic nomogram still showed a better predictive performance, with the C-index of 0.704 (95% CI: 0.626-0.782). Calibration plots showed a good consistency between predicted probability and the actual observation in the training and two validation cohorts. Conclusion: The nomogram showed an excellent predictive ability for survival outcome of rectal cancer patients, and it might provide an accurate prognostic stratification and help clinicians determine individualized treatment strategies.