Gustavo Filemon Costa Lima , Carlos Alberto de Carvalho Filho , Vinícius Gonçalves Ferreira , Jussara da Silva Diniz Lima , Eduardo Duarte Marques , Paulo Sérgio Pelógia Minardi , Ilza Dalmázio , Rubens Martins Moreira
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Many studies have highlighted the need for a robust environmental characterization before the development of the unconventional industry. In this sense, multiple environmental isotopes may work as a proxy for identifying water contamination right from the early stages. Environmental isotopes may also be applied to enhance the understanding of the natural geochemical processes intrinsic to a given area. This study presents an environmental isotopes baseline for the groundwater and riverine water systems within the São Francisco Basin, a proven tight gas reservoir in Brazil, in a pre-operational context. δ</span></span><sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H, <sup>3</sup>H, δ<sup>13</sup>C, and <strong>Δ</strong><sup>14</sup>C were evaluated in three different seasons in groundwater and surface water samples, along with other auxiliary parameters such as physical-chemical parameters (in situ), major ions, and d-excess. The δ<sup>2</sup>H and δ<sup>18</sup>O in surface water shows an upstream → downstream enrichment trend, with some variations suggesting baseflow interactions in the surface water systems. An evaporation line for the study area was defined as δ<sup>2</sup>H = 4.6903 δ18O + 10.362. δ<sup>13</sup>C indicates a mutual dissolution of silicates and carbonates in the groundwater system and suggests a group of samples highly related to the recharge areas. Groundwater dating denotes the Serra da Saudade Formation as a modern fractured aquifer with a strong recharge capacity. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
由于非常规油气开采对水资源造成的风险，它已成为激烈的环境争论的目标。水力压裂技术虽然能够从超低渗透油藏中开采石油和天然气，但也存在水力压裂及其相关程序失效污染水系统的风险。巴西需要通过过渡能源矩阵来促进国家工业发展，这促使巴西在生产大量非常规能源储备之前讨论环境适宜性。许多研究都强调，在非常规油气行业发展之前，需要对其进行稳健的环境表征。从这个意义上说，多种环境同位素可以作为从早期阶段识别水污染的代理。环境同位素也可用于增进对某一地区固有的自然地球化学过程的了解。本研究提出了 o Francisco盆地(巴西已探明的致密气藏)地下水和河流水系统的环境同位素基线。在三个不同季节对地下水和地表水样品的δ18O、δ2H、3H、δ13C和Δ14C进行了评价，并对其他辅助参数(原位)、主要离子和d过量等参数进行了评价。地表水δ2H和δ18O呈上游→下游富集的趋势，部分变化表明地表水系统中存在基流相互作用。研究区蒸发线为δ2H = 4.6903 δ18O + 10.362。δ13C反映了地下水系统中硅酸盐和碳酸盐的相互溶蚀作用，表明这组样品与补给区高度相关。地下水测年表明Serra da Saudade组是一个具有较强补给能力的现代裂缝含水层。这些发现为非常规天然气行业的环境监测和管理提供了支持。
Establishing a water baseline for the unconventional gas industry: A multiple environmental isotopes assessment (18O, 2H, 3H, 13C, and 14C) of surface and groundwater in the São Francisco Basin, Brazil
Unconventional hydrocarbon production has become the target of an intensive environmental debate due to the risks it poses to water resources. Fracking, while enabling the extraction of oil and gas from ultra-low permeability reservoirs, also possesses the risk of polluting water systems through failures from hydraulic fracturing and its associated procedures. The need to foster national industrial development with a transitional energy matrix has led Brazil to discuss the environmental suitability before producing its large unconventional reserves. Many studies have highlighted the need for a robust environmental characterization before the development of the unconventional industry. In this sense, multiple environmental isotopes may work as a proxy for identifying water contamination right from the early stages. Environmental isotopes may also be applied to enhance the understanding of the natural geochemical processes intrinsic to a given area. This study presents an environmental isotopes baseline for the groundwater and riverine water systems within the São Francisco Basin, a proven tight gas reservoir in Brazil, in a pre-operational context. δ18O, δ2H, 3H, δ13C, and Δ14C were evaluated in three different seasons in groundwater and surface water samples, along with other auxiliary parameters such as physical-chemical parameters (in situ), major ions, and d-excess. The δ2H and δ18O in surface water shows an upstream → downstream enrichment trend, with some variations suggesting baseflow interactions in the surface water systems. An evaporation line for the study area was defined as δ2H = 4.6903 δ18O + 10.362. δ13C indicates a mutual dissolution of silicates and carbonates in the groundwater system and suggests a group of samples highly related to the recharge areas. Groundwater dating denotes the Serra da Saudade Formation as a modern fractured aquifer with a strong recharge capacity. These findings support stakeholders in environmental monitoring and management of the unconventional gas industry.
期刊介绍：
Applied Geochemistry is an international journal devoted to publication of original research papers, rapid research communications and selected review papers in geochemistry and urban geochemistry which have some practical application to an aspect of human endeavour, such as the preservation of the environment, health, waste disposal and the search for resources. Papers on applications of inorganic, organic and isotope geochemistry and geochemical processes are therefore welcome provided they meet the main criterion. Spatial and temporal monitoring case studies are only of interest to our international readership if they present new ideas of broad application.
Topics covered include: (1) Environmental geochemistry (including natural and anthropogenic aspects, and protection and remediation strategies); (2) Hydrogeochemistry (surface and groundwater); (3) Medical (urban) geochemistry; (4) The search for energy resources (in particular unconventional oil and gas or emerging metal resources); (5) Energy exploitation (in particular geothermal energy and CCS); (6) Upgrading of energy and mineral resources where there is a direct geochemical application; and (7) Waste disposal, including nuclear waste disposal.
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