Human labor as an energy source for rice production in the developing world

Human labor requirements for rice production practices in the developing world are assessed in terms of baseline worker hours and energy costs per hectare. Modifications of traditional cultivation systems are analyzed with respect to agricultural techniques (the methods by which inputs are powered) and technologies (the applications of knowledge to the production system) used. Human labor, animal labor and mechanical sources of energy are compared within traditional, improved and modern modes of technology. Nine different technique/technology options are examined in terms of energy efficiency for land preparation and seeding, harvesting and threshing, as well as auxilliary intercultivation procedures. Specific employment planning strategies are suggested, based on the results of the operational analysis.