A preliminary evaluation of N-acetylcysteine's effects on patient adherence to treatment for cocaine use disorder.

Introduction: Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a disabling disease associated with high rates of relapse and intense cravings. Patients with CUD struggle to adhere to treatment, which contributes to relapse and frequent readmissions to residential rehab (RR) facilities. Preliminary studies suggest that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuates cocaine-induced neuroplasticity and, therefore, may assist with cocaine abstinence and adherence to treatment.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study obtained data from 20 RR facilities across Western New York. Eligible subjects were 18 or older, diagnosed with CUD, and were divided based on their exposure to 1200 mg NAC twice daily during RR. The primary outcome was treatment adherence measured by outpatient treatment attendance rates (OTA). Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS) in RR and craving severity on a 1 to 100 visual analog scale.

Results: One hundred eighty-eight (N = 188) patients were included in this investigation: NAC, n = 90; control, n = 98. NAC did not significantly impact OTA (% appointments attended), NAC 68%; control 69%, (P = .89) or craving severity NAC 34 ± 26; control 30 ± 27, (P = .38). Subjects treated with NAC had a significantly longer average LOS in RR compared with controls, NAC 86 ± 30; control 78 ± 26, (P = .04).

Discussion: In this study, NAC did not impact treatment adherence but was associated with a significantly longer LOS in RR for patients with CUD. Owing to limitations, these results may not be applicable to the general population. More rigorous studies examining NAC's impact on treatment adherence in CUD are warranted.