类固醇化学和生物化学基础

R. Brueggemeier, Pui-Kai Li
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引用次数: 7

摘要

类固醇是一种独特的化合物,存在于动植物界。这一类包括固醇,如胆固醇和麦角甾醇、胆汁酸和类固醇激素。类固醇的化学研究开始于分离和结构确定,主要的研究工作集中在全合成和开发许多用于修饰类固醇支架的反应。微生物转化类固醇的方法被开发出来以降低成本生产大量类固醇原料。类固醇生物化学的研究首先从类固醇的生物合成和代谢研究开始,随后对类固醇作用的生化机制进行了研究。在过去的几十年里,类固醇生物化学和分子生物学的重点是类固醇生成酶、核类固醇受体和基因表达。可的松治疗类风湿性关节炎的抗炎作用的发现以及雌激素和黄体酮制剂避孕作用的报道首次表明类固醇可以被视为药物。因此,对类固醇激动剂和拮抗剂的药物化学、药理学和临床研究的广泛研究已经发展起来,并继续为许多不同疾病的治疗和化学预防策略提供新的见解和新的药物。关键词:类固醇合成;类固醇生物合成;类固醇代谢;类固醇受体;胆固醇;孕烯醇酮;皮质醇;醛固酮;孕酮;睾酮;雌二醇
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Fundamentals of Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Steroids are a unique class of chemical compounds found throughout the animal and plant kingdom. This class includes sterols such as cholesterol and ergosterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones. Chemical research on steroids began with isolation and structure determination, and major research efforts focused on total synthesis and on the development of numerous reactions for modifying the steroid scaffold. Methods in microbial transformations of steroids were developed to produce large quantities of steroid starting materials at reduced costs. Research in steroid biochemistry first began with studies on the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, followed soon thereafter by investigations on the biochemical mechanism of action of steroids. Over the past several decades, steroid biochemistry and molecular biology have focused on steroidogenic enzymes, nuclear steroid receptors, and gene expression. The discovery of the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the report of the contraceptive effects of estrogen and progestin preparations illustrated for the first time that steroids could be considered as medicinal agents. As a result, extensive research on the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies of steroid agonists and antagonists has evolved and continues to provide new insights and new medicinal agents for therapies in many different diseases and chemoprevention strategies. Keywords: steroid synthesis; steroid biosynthesis; steroid metabolism; steroid receptors; cholesterol; pregnenolone; cortisol; aldosterone; progesterone; testosterone; estradiol
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