ERTMS列车到轨侧通信协议中的消息认证攻击

Tom Chothia, M. Ordean, Joeri de Ruiter, Richard J. Thomas
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引用次数: 13

摘要

本文介绍了对欧洲铁路交通管理系统(ERTMS)使用的协议进行加密分析的结果。由三种协议组成的堆栈保证了列车和轨道旁设备之间的通信;加密无线电通信由GSM-R协议提供,在此基础上,EuroRadio协议为列车控制应用级协议提供认证。我们提出了一种利用这三种协议弱点的攻击:GSM- r具有与GSM协议相同的众所周知的弱点,我们提出了一种针对EuroRadio协议的新的碰撞攻击。结合应用程序级协议中的设计缺陷,这些漏洞允许攻击者在观察到MAC冲突后伪造列车控制消息。我们通过使用我们自己生成的列车控制消息的概念验证来演示这种攻击。目前,ERTMS仅用于在短会话中发送少量数据,因此这种攻击不会立即造成危险。然而,如果EuroRadio被用来传输更大量的数据,列车将变得容易受到这种攻击。此外,我们计算出,在合理的假设下,一个攻击者可以监控英国大小的国家的所有后端控制中心45天,将有1%的机会能够控制一列火车。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
An Attack Against Message Authentication in the ERTMS Train to Trackside Communication Protocols
This paper presents the results of a cryptographic analysis of the protocols used by the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). A stack of three protocols secures the communication between trains and trackside equipment; encrypted radio communication is provided by the GSM-R protocol, on top of this the EuroRadio protocol provides authentication for a train control application-level protocol. We present an attack which exploits weaknesses in all three protocols: GSM-R has the same well known weaknesses as the GSM protocol, and we present a new collision attack against the EuroRadio protocol. Combined with design weaknesses in the application-level protocol, these vulnerabilities allow an attacker, who observes a MAC collision, to forge train control messages. We demonstrate this attack with a proof of concept using train control messages we have generated ourselves. Currently, ERTMS is only used to send small amounts of data for short sessions, therefore this attack does not present an immediate danger. However, if EuroRadio was to be used to transfer larger amounts of data trains would become vulnerable to this attack. Additionally, we calculate that, under reasonable assumptions, an attacker who could monitor all backend control centres in a country the size of the UK for 45 days would have a 1% chance of being able to take control of a train.
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