The Wheelocks and the Clouds at Odds: Some Differences Among "Red Progressives" in the Early Twentieth Century

Abstract:This essay looks at four little-known texts that represent a number of disagreements among Native American people educated in the American schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. A close reading of these texts by Henry Roe Cloud, Dennison Wheelock, Elizabeth Bender Cloud, and Louisa La Chapelle Wheelock provides an opportunity to enrich and complicate our understanding of the thought of the Native intellectuals generally called "Red Progressives."