禁语:狄更斯与卡罗尔笔下的语言控制与维多利亚时代的政治正确

Galia Benziman
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摘要

本文考察了查尔斯·狄更斯和刘易斯·卡罗尔对人们——尤其是年轻人——的语言、想象力和思想的控制机制的描述。维多利亚时代的审查制度和自我审查制度,一方面是道德主义的,另一方面是政治的,狄更斯在其职业生涯的各个阶段都对其进行了反思、批判和讽刺,并在其作品中与艺术创造力、语言和想象力有关。他抨击了功利主义对童话的抵制,尤其是玛丽亚·埃奇沃斯(Maria Edgeworth)关于各种儿童文学类型的有用性和无用性的宣言,并批评了乔治·克鲁克香克(George Cruikshank)的修正主义计划,即通过在著名的童话中插入道德主义信息,进一步推动某些社会教义,主要是禁酒主义。在卡罗尔的《爱丽丝》系列小说中,这种关注在很大程度上延续了下来。我认为,对于两人来说,这些说教式的修改都与他们在小说中反复探索和模仿的语言控制模式、禁用词汇和委婉语有关。我的文章将从早期维多利亚时代政治正确话语的角度来研究语言控制、自我审查和语言训练的表现;我想问的是,狄更斯和卡罗尔对这些问题的处理,是否会对当前围绕我们自己的政治正确文化的辩论有所帮助。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Forbidden Words: Language Control and Victorian Political Correctness in Dickens and Carroll
This article examines Charles Dickens’s and Lewis Carroll’s representations of mechanisms of control over people’s – especially young people’s – language, imagination, and minds. Moralistic on the one hand, political on the other hand, Victorian patterns of censorship and self-censorship are reflected, critiqued, and satirised by Dickens in various stages of his career, and are related in his work to artistic creativity, language and the imagination. He attacks the utilitarian resistance to fairy tale and especially Maria Edgeworth’s manifesto on the usefulness and uselessness of various genres of children’s literature, and criticizes George Cruikshank’s revisionist project of furthering certain social doctrines, mainly teetotalism, by interpolating moralistic messages into famous fairy tales. Much of this preoccupation is followed up in Carroll’s Alice books. For both, I argue, these didactic revisions are related to patterns of language control, banned words, and euphemisms that they repeatedly probe and parody in their fiction. My essay will examine the representation of language control, self-censorship and verbal training in terms of an early, Victorian-era politically-correct discourse; I will ask what, if at all, Dickens and Carroll’s treatment of these issues may contribute to the current debate surrounding our own politically-correct culture.
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