Plaque Calcification.

Vascular calcification (VC) is strongly associated with all-cause mortality and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Resulting from its complex, multifaceted nature, targeted treatments for VC have not yet been developed. Lipoproteins are well characterized in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to the development of plaque regressing therapeutics. Although their roles in plaque progression are well documented, their roles in VC, and calcification of a plaque, are not well understood. In this review, early in vitro data and clinical correlations suggest an inhibitory role for HDL (high-density lipoproteins) in VC, a stimulatory role for LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and a potentially causal role for Lp(a) (lipoprotein [a]). Additionally, after treatment with a statin or PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitor, plaque calcification is observed to increase. With the notion that differing morphologies of plaque calcification associate with either a more stable or unstable plaque phenotype, uncovering the mechanisms of lipoprotein-artery wall interactions could produce targeted therapeutic options for VC.