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引用次数: 0
摘要
利用巴基斯坦进出口交易领域的详细海关数据,我们试图将狭义定义产品的单位价值变化与出口市场属性(如市场规模和与目的地国的距离)联系起来。尽管市场规模对离岸价单位价值有系统性的积极影响,但我们发现,在不同类别的出口商中,企业内部单位价值对距离的反应存在很大程度的异质性。虽然距离越远,多种产品的出口商以及使用进口投入品的出口商收取的单价就越低,但只出口而没有国内销售的公司往往向遥远的市场销售更昂贵的产品品种。我们还将单位价值调整与企业出口的总体数量和价值联系起来。我们的研究结果支持了累加性贸易成本假说(Hummels and Skiba, 2004)、需求弹性的产品内异质性假说(Lashkaripour, 2019),以及价格歧视效应在决定出口价格空间格局中的重要性。此外,我们获得了令人信服的证据,支持距离和目的地国家规模对部门的不对称影响。
Export Destinations and Margins of Trade: Evidence from Pakistan
Using detailed customs data on the universe of import and export transactions from Pakistan, we attempt to empirically relate the variation in unit values of narrowly defined products to export market attributes, such as, market size and distance from the destination country. Although there is a systematic positive effect of market size on f.o.b. unit values, we discover a substantial degree of heterogeneity in the response of within-firm unit values to distance over various categories of exporters. While greater distance is associated with a lower unit price charged by exporters of multiple products as well as those using imported inputs, firms exporting only, with no domestic sales, tend to sell more expensive product varieties to distant markets. We also relate unit value adjustments to the overall volume and value of exports by firms. Our results lend support to the additive trade costs hypothesis à la Hummels and Skiba (2004) as well as within-product heterogeneity in demand elasticities à la Lashkaripour (2019), and the significance of price discrimination effects in determining spatial patterns of export prices. Furthermore, we obtain compelling evidence in favour of asymmetric effects of distance and destination country’s size over sectors.