Improvements in stem cell to beta-cell differentiation for the treatment of diabetes

Since the generation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, regenerative cell-based approaches for the treatment of diabetes have gained popularity. One strategy is to generate an unlimited source of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells. As such, major effort continues to be placed in creating efficient differentiation protocols that generate functional β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. In this review, I provide the historical context of stem cell differentiation protocols towards the aim of generating functional β-like cells. I also highlight recent advancements in differentiation protocols, including enrichment of cell populations using cell surface markers, suspension culture to mimic in vivo development, and the importance of hippo signalling in endocrine cell fate. I conclude by suggesting future endeavors that have the potential to further improve differentiation protocols to achieve the ultimate goal of a cell-replacement therapy for diabetes.