Automated refactoring of client-side JavaScript code to ES6 modules

JavaScript (JS) is a dynamic, weakly-typed and object-based programming language that expanded its reach, in recent years, from the desktop web browser to a wide range of runtime platforms in embedded, mobile and server hosts. Moreover, the scope of functionality implemented in JS scaled from DOM manipulation in dynamic HTML pages to full-scale applications for various domains, stressing the need for code reusability and maintainability. Towards this direction, the ECMAScript 6 (ES6) revision of the language standardized the syntax for class and module definitions, streamlining the encapsulation of data and functionality at various levels of granularity. This work focuses on refactoring client-side web applications for the elimination of code smells, relevant to global variables and functions that are declared in JS files linked to a web page. These declarations "pollute" the global namespace at runtime and often lead to name conflicts with undesired effects. We propose a method for the encapsulation of global declarations through automated refactoring to ES6 modules. Our approach transforms each linked JS script of a web application to an ES6 module with appropriate import and export declarations that are inferred through static analysis. A prototype implementation of the proposed method, based on WALA libraries, has been evaluated on a set of open source projects. The evaluation results support the applicability and runtime efficiency of the proposed method.