分解的艺术——可分解金属和井下工具十年回顾

Zhiyue Xu, Zhi-hong Zhang
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引用次数: 2

摘要

自10年前第一套可分解压裂球成功应用于Bakken油田的页岩井以来,可分解金属(DM)已经证明了其市场价值。DM材料技术和工具通过降低操作复杂性或简化工具安装或驱动程序,以前所未有的效率和可靠性改变了井下工具的使用环境。本文综述了近10年来DM材料技术的进步、设计和控制DM分解性能的技术、各种DM井下工具以及现场作业案例。对可分解金属的分解艺术的回顾是基于文献调查和作者自己的研究和开发成果。目前市场上的可分解金属根据其贱金属化学性质可分为两种不同的金属体系:镁基可分解金属和铝基可分解金属。这两种系统都重量轻,坚固如钢,在典型的井下环境中完全可分解。本文将对两种金属体系的材料设计、微观结构和性能进行综述,然后讨论如何将材料性能与井下可分解工具的要求相匹配,最后分享现场操作案例。大多数DM材料的微观结构中都内置了微原电池,当与井筒流体接触时,会通过电偶腐蚀而分解。影响崩解速度的关键变量包括材料成分、井温、工具接触流体的表面积、流体类型、浓度和搅拌条件。综述表明,选择合适的DM材料以匹配应用环境对于可分解工具的成功现场应用至关重要。在当今的多级水力压裂市场中,当DM的材料选择、工具设计和性能与井的水力压裂作业需求相匹配时,DM工具将成为首选技术。热力学和动力学控制的解体性能的DM工具,或解体的艺术,将审查和分享与读者。本文所分享的DM材料的深奥艺术和工程以及现场案例研究将阐明如何正确选择DM材料,为已定义的井或现场应用设计最佳的DM工具,制定最佳的现场操作程序,并有效地执行MD应用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Art of Disintegration – Ten Years in Review of Disintegrable Metals and Downhole Tools
Disintegrable metal (DM) has proven its market value since the first set of disintegrable frac balls were successfully employed in a shale well in Bakken field about 10 years ago. The DM material technology and tools have changed the downhole tool operation landscape with unprecedented efficiency, reliability, by reducing the operational complexity or simplifying tool installation or actuation procedures. This paper reviews the advancement of DM materials technology, arts to engineer and control the disintegrating performance, various DM downhole tools, and the field operation case studies over the last 10 years. Review of the art of disintegration of disintegrable metals is based literature surveys and author’s own research and development results. Disintegrable metals currently available on the market could be classified into two different metallic systems based on their base metal chemistry: magnesium based disintegrable metal and aluminum-based disintegrable metal. Both systems are light weight, strong as steel and completely disintegrable in typical downhole environments. The paper will review the material design, microstructure, and properties of the two metallic systems, then discuss how to match material properties with requirement of downhole disintegrable tools, and finally share field operation cases. Most of DM materials have micro-galvanic cells built into their microstructures and disintegrate through galvanic corrosion when contacting with wellbore fluid. Key variables affecting the rate of disintegration include material composition, well temperature, tool surface area exposure to a fluid, fluid type, concentration and agitation conditions. The review reveals that it is critical to select the correct DM material to match the application environment for a successful field application of disintegrable tool. In today’s multi-stage hydraulic fracturing market, DM tools would be the preferred technology of choice when DM material selection and tool design and performance match properly to the needs of hytraulic fracture operation of a well. The thermodynamics and kinetics that control the disintegration performance of DM tools, or the art of disintegration, will be reviewed and shared with the readers. The profound arts and engineering of DM materials and field case studies shared by this paper would shed light on how to make sound selection of DM materials, design optimal DM tools for a defined well or field application, develop the best field operation procedures, and execute a MD application efficiently.
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