Patterns and prevalence of foetal anomalies in South – South Nigeria: A 2 year retrospective study using ultrasound screening

Although various rates of sonographic detection of foetal anomalies abound, no available data exist on the prevalence and patterns of anomalies in the South–South (Niger Delta) region of Nigeria. A retrospective analysis of the records of 10,440 prenatal sonograms and anomaly register over a two year period was performed. 72 foetuses were identified with a total of 88 anomalies.

Anencephaly was the most common anomaly representing 23.99% (22), and achondroplasia with limb length discrepancy/dwarfism 7.95% (7). Systemic classification was as follows; CNS (42, 47.7%), urogenital (20, 22.7%), skeletal (11, 12%), GIT (9, 3.41%), others (12, 13.64%).

The mean age for majority of anomalies was 25 years. A Chi-square test of significance, showed this is significantly lower than the mean age of 35 years earlier documented in literature.

The study recommends a prospective screening program, use of a detailed anomaly protocol and guidelines, compulsory screening at 18–20 weeks gestational window, improved training of sonographers and use of 3D and more sophisticated equipment to improve detection rates.