Particulate matter in the ambient air as a risk factor of bronchial asthma in adults

The aim of the study was to study the role of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air in the formation of allergic, non-allergic and mixed phenotypes of bronchial asthma in adults. Methods. The analysis of atmospheric air pollution by fine particles in Kazan was carried out according to the database of social and hygienic monitoring of the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan" for 2014-2020. To study the relationship between the level of atmospheric air pollution with fine particles and bronchial asthma in adults (18-65 years old), a retrospective analysis of the incidence of bronchial asthma (ICD-10 codes J45.0, J45.1, J45.8) was carried out during the same period among the population of Kazan. The regional medical information system "Electronic Health of the Republic of Tatarstan" was used. Statistical modeling was carried out using the method of mixed models based on the Poisson distribution or the negative binomial distribution. Results. The average annual absolute risk of bronchial asthma in the adult population of Kazan was 0.51 per 100 people aged 18-65 years, an increase of 0.09 per 100 people (17.6%) per year (p = 0.039). An increase in the annual maximum concentrations of PM2.5 by 10 g increased the absolute risk of non-allergic bronchial asthma by 0.066 per 100 people aged 18-65 years (p=0.043). Similar dependences, but without statistical significance at the level of p0.05, were found for such exposure parameters as the mass concentration of PM10 and the mass of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial and respiratory sections of the lungs. For allergic and mixed asthma, no statistically significant relationships with mass concentrations and deposited doses of suspended particles were found. Conclusions. Air pollution with fine suspended particles increases the risk of developing a non-allergic phenotype of adult bronchial asthma, which may be associated with specific pathogenetic mechanisms, including the reaction of the epithelium to the deposition of fine particles.