Dynamic myelin regulation as a novel form of neural plasticity

Dynamic changes in myelin could optimize information transmission in neural circuits and enhance conduction velocity. This review aimed to provide an understanding of how dynamic myelin plasticity is important in neuronal activity and how astrocytes have an important role that is not equal in the peripheral nervous system. Myelin is dynamically regulated by neuronal activity. It takes part continuously in nervous system plasticity during development. Newly differentiating oligodendrocytes can create a new myelin sheath. Mature myelin sheaths can grow again in adults. Oligodendrocytes interact with astrocytes in the central nervous system through gap junctions. Astrocytes have an important role as synaptic network integrators; therefore, decreasing astrocyte numbers will cause a loss of presynaptic plasticity. The concept considers plasticity as a mechanism that depends on myelination. Higher brain functions and myelination interplay in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The mechanism and function of these changes remain poorly understood. Genetic, neural activity, environment, and axonal activity might play important roles. Dynamic myelin regulation reveals a new form of neural plasticity. Myelination is similar to synapse formation and plasticity. It enables plasticity in the central nervous system and helps improve the learning process.