Plants with evidence-based therapeutic effects against neurodegenerative diseases

Abbreviations: Aβ, β-amyloid; AChE, acetylcholinesterase enzyme; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPA, α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; ApoE, human Apolipoprotein-E; APP, amyloid precursor protein; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; CaMKII, Ca2+and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein; GAG, glycosaminoglycans; EGb 761, a standardized Ginkgo biloba extract; GCH1, GTP cyclohydrolase I; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; HD, Huntington’s disease; hIAPP, human islet amyloid polypeptide; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; INF-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-β, interleukin-β; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MPO, myeloperoxidase; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; NOX2, NADPH oxidase enzyme; NR4A2, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2; Nurr1, nuclear receptor related 1 protein; polyQ, proteins containing glutamine repeats; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; TBP, TATA box-binding protein; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; TLR4, tolllike receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α